воскресенье, 7 мая 2023 г.
100 Active Directory terms
2. Domain Controller (DC): Server that hosts Active Directory services and authenticates users.
3. Forest: Highest level of logical grouping in Active Directory, containing one or more domains.
4. Domain: Logical group of network objects within an AD forest, sharing a common namespace.
5. Organizational Unit (OU): Container for organizing AD objects like users, groups, and computers.
6. Group Policy: Centralized management of settings and configurations for users and computers.
7. Group Policy Object (GPO): Collection of policy settings linked to OUs, domains, or sites.
8. Security Group: Group of users, computers, or other groups used for access control.
9. Distribution Group: Group used for email distribution in Microsoft Exchange environments.
10. Global Catalog (GC): Centralized index of AD objects, used for searches and logins.
11. LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, used to access and manage AD information.
12. DNS: Domain Name System, resolves domain names to IP addresses, critical for AD functionality.
13. Sites: Represents physical locations in AD, helps optimize network traffic.
14. Subnet: IP address range associated with a specific site.
15. Site Link: Represents network connection between sites, used for replication traffic.
16. Replication: Process of synchronizing AD data across domain controllers.
17. FSMO: Flexible Single Master Operations, specialized roles held by DCs for specific tasks.
18. RID Master: Assigns unique relative IDs for new objects, one of the FSMO roles.
19. PDC Emulator: Emulates Primary Domain Controller, handles password changes and time sync.
20. Infrastructure Master: Maintains cross-domain references, one of the FSMO roles.
21. Domain Naming Master: Manages addition and removal of domains in a forest.
22. Schema Master: Controls updates to the AD schema, one of the FSMO roles.
23. Global Catalog Server: DC with a full copy of all objects in the forest.
24. Trust Relationship: Enables resource sharing and authentication between domains.
25. Kerberos: Authentication protocol used by AD to verify user and service identity.
26. Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT): Kerberos ticket for access to services within a domain.
27. Service Ticket: Kerberos ticket for a specific service.
28. SPN: Service Principal Name, uniquely identifies a service in a domain.
29. NTLM: NT LAN Manager, older authentication protocol used as a fallback for Kerberos.
30. SID: Security Identifier, unique identifier for security objects in AD.
31. RID: Relative Identifier, unique within a domain, combined with the domain SID to form a full SID.
32. USN: Update Sequence Number, used to track changes and replication in AD.
33. Tombstone: Deleted AD object that remains in the database for a specified period.
34. dcpromo: Deprecated utility for promoting and demoting domain controllers.
35. AD DS: Active Directory Domain Services, the main AD component for managing resources.
36. AD LDS: Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services, a lightweight AD variant.
37. AD FS: Active Directory Federation Services, enables single sign-on across applications.
38. AD RMS: Active Directory Rights Management Services, secures sensitive data.
39. GMSA: Group Managed Service Account, automates password management for service accounts.
40. Password policy: Configures password requirements and settings for users.
41. Fine-Grained Password Policy: Applies different password policies to specific users/groups.
42. CSVDE: Command-line tool for importing/exporting AD objects using CSV files.
43. LDIFDE: Command-line tool for importing/exporting AD objects using LDIF files.
44. REPADMIN: Command-line tool for diagnosing and managing replication in AD.
45. DCDIAG: Command-line tool for diagnosing and troubleshooting domain controller issues.
46. NLTEST: Command-line tool for testing domain trust relationships and locating DCs.
47. Ntdsutil: Command-line tool for managing AD databases, performing metadata cleanup, and more.
48. ADSI Edit: Graphical tool for managing AD objects and attributes at a low level.
49. Attribute Editor: Tab in the AD Users and Computers console for editing object attributes.
50. Group Policy Management Console (GPMC): Centralized interface for managing Group Policy.
51. Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP): Tool for analyzing the cumulative effect of applied GPOs.
52. Delegation of Control: Assigning limited administrative privileges to specific users or groups.
53. Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC): DC with read-only AD database, used in branch offices.
54. SYSVOL: Shared folder on DCs containing scripts, GPOs, and other AD-related files.
55. FRS: File Replication Service, deprecated replication technology for SYSVOL.
56. DFS-R: Distributed File System Replication, used for replicating SYSVOL in modern AD.
57. UPN: User Principal Name, user identifier format resembling an email address.
58. Netlogon: Service on DCs for authenticating users and handling domain-related tasks.
59. SAM: Security Accounts Manager, stores local user and group information on Windows systems.
60. Local Security Authority (LSA): Component responsible for enforcing security policies.
61. Security Token: Data structure containing user's security identifier and group memberships.
62. AD Recycle Bin: Feature for easily recovering accidentally deleted AD objects.
63. Active Directory Administrative Center (ADAC): Graphical management tool for AD.
64. PowerShell: Command-line scripting environment, with AD-specific cmdlets for management.
65. PSOs: Password Settings Objects, used to define fine-grained password policies.
66. Authentication Silos: Groups of users or computers with restricted authentication scope.
67. Shadow Groups: Dynamic groups that mirror the membership of another group or attribute.
68. Active Directory Users and Computers (ADUC): Management console for AD objects.
69. Domain functional level: Minimum domain controller OS version within a domain.
70. Forest functional level: Minimum domain controller OS version across all domains in a forest.
71. Active Directory Sites and Services: Management console for AD sites, subnets, and replication.
72. Schema: Set of rules defining AD object classes, attributes, and their relationships.
73. DirSync: Directory synchronization tool for syncing on-premises AD with Azure AD.
74. Azure AD Connect: Tool for integrating on-premises AD with Azure AD.
75. ADFS Proxy: Server that enables external access to AD FS for single sign-on.
76. Home Folder: Personal network storage location for users, typically mapped as a network drive.
77. Roaming Profiles: User profiles stored on a server, enabling consistent settings across devices.
78. Folder Redirection: Redirects user folders to network locations for centralized storage.
79. Universal Group: AD group type that can contain members from any domain in a forest.
80. Domain Local Group: AD group type that can have members from the same domain.
81. Global Group: AD group type that can contain members from its own domain only.
82. Security Principal: AD object that can be assigned permissions, such as users, groups, or computers.
83. Object Class: Defines a type of object in AD, such as user, group, or computer.
84. Object Attribute: Property of an AD object, such as name, description, or email address.
85. LDAP Query: Search filter used to locate specific objects or attributes in AD.
86. LDAPS: LDAP over SSL, a secure version of LDAP for encrypting communication with AD.
87. SACL: System Access Control List, defines auditing settings for AD objects.
88. DACL: Discretionary Access Control List, defines access permissions for AD objects.
89. ACE: Access Control Entry, individual permission entry in a DACL or SACL.
90. ACL: Access Control List, a collection of ACEs defining access permissions or audit settings.
91. Inheritance: Permission propagation from parent objects to child objects in AD hierarchy.
92. AGDLP: Account-Global-Domain Local-Permission, a best practice for granting permissions in AD.
93. AGUDLP: Account-Global-Universal-Domain Local-Permission, a best practice for multi-domain environments.
94. AAD: Azure Active Directory, Microsoft's cloud-based identity and access management service.
95. Hybrid Identity: Integration of on-premises AD and Azure AD for single sign-on and management.
96. Azure AD B2B: Business-to-business collaboration feature in Azure AD for external users.
97. Azure AD B2C: Business-to-customer identity management in Azure AD for customer-facing apps.
98. MFA: Multi-Factor Authentication, additional security layer requiring more than one verification method.
99. Conditional Access: Azure AD feature for enforcing access policies based on user context.
100. IdP: Identity Provider, a system responsible for authenticating and authorizing users.
100 VMware, vCenter and ESXi terms
2. ESXi: VMware's hypervisor, allowing virtualization of physical servers.
3. VM: Virtual machine, a virtualized computing environment.
4. vSphere: VMware's suite for managing virtualized data centers.
5. vMotion: Live migration of VMs between hosts without downtime.
6. DRS: Distributed Resource Scheduler, balances workloads across hosts.
7. HA: High Availability, restarts VMs on other hosts if a host fails.
8. SSO: Single Sign-On, central authentication for VMware products.
9. VUM: vSphere Update Manager, manages updates and patches for vSphere components.
10. vSAN: Virtual SAN, software-defined storage solution.
11. VDS: vSphere Distributed Switch, centralized network management for VMs.
12. vSwitch: Virtual switch, network switch for VMs on a host.
13. Resource pool: Group of VMs sharing resources like CPU and memory.
14. Datastore: Storage location for VM files, shared among hosts.
15. OVF: Open Virtualization Format, standard for packaging VMs.
16. Hot-add: Adding resources to a running VM without downtime.
17. Snapshot: Point-in-time copy of a VM's state.
18. Templates: Pre-configured VMs for fast deployment.
19. vApp: Container for managing multiple VMs with shared configurations.
20. VCHA: vCenter High Availability, protects vCenter Server against failures.
21. VAMI: vSphere Appliance Management Interface, manages vCenter Server Appliance.
22. Host profile: Configuration template for ESXi hosts.
23. Auto Deploy: Automates deployment of ESXi hosts using PXE boot.
24. VMFS: Virtual Machine File System, filesystem for storing VMs.
25. NFS: Network File System, file sharing protocol for datastores.
26. Fault Tolerance: Provides continuous availability by running two synchronized VMs.
27. vSphere Replication: VM replication for disaster recovery.
28. Storage vMotion: Live migration of VM storage without downtime.
29. VAAI: vSphere APIs for Array Integration, offloads storage tasks to storage arrays.
30. VASA: vSphere APIs for Storage Awareness, enables storage visibility and management.
31. EVC: Enhanced vMotion Compatibility, allows vMotion between hosts with different CPUs.
32. VCAP: vSphere Client plug-in, extends vCenter functionality with third-party applications.
33. Proactive HA: Predictive High Availability, relocates VMs based on hardware health alerts.
34. vSphere Lifecycle Manager: Simplifies lifecycle management for vSphere infrastructure.
35. Content Library: Centralized repository for VM templates, ISO images, and scripts.
36. Linked Mode: Connecting multiple vCenter Servers for centralized management.
37. VMkernel: Operating system layer of ESXi, responsible for resource management.
38. vSphere Web Client: Browser-based interface for managing vSphere environments.
39. vSphere Client (HTML5): Modern, HTML5-based interface for managing vSphere environments.
40. Storage I/O Control: Balances storage I/O resources among VMs on shared storage.
41. Network I/O Control: Balances network I/O resources among VMs and system traffic.
42. Storage DRS: Storage Distributed Resource Scheduler, balances storage capacity and I/O.
43. VADP: vSphere APIs for Data Protection, enables third-party backup and recovery solutions.
44. Affinity rules: Define VM placement preferences to improve performance or availability.
45. Alarms: Monitors and alerts for vSphere components based on predefined conditions.
46. Permissions: Control access to vSphere components through user and group roles.
47. Tags: Metadata for organizing and searching vSphere objects.
48. Custom attributes: Custom metadata fields for annotating vSphere objects.
49. VM-Host affinity rules: Define VM-host placement preferences for better resource utilization.
50. Nested virtualization: Running a VM inside another VM, typically for lab or testing purposes.
51. VIB: vSphere Installation Bundle, a package containing drivers or software for ESXi.
52. Paravirtualization: Technique to improve VM performance by using specialized virtual hardware.
53. vGPU: Virtual Graphics Processing Unit, sharing physical GPU resources among VMs.
54. NIOC: Network I/O Control, prioritizes and allocates network resources for VMs.
55. Admission Control: Ensures sufficient resources are available for VM failover in HA clusters.
56. VMCI: Virtual Machine Communication Interface, allows fast communication between VMs and hosts.
57. DPM: Distributed Power Management, powers hosts on/off based on resource demand.
58. Storage Profiles: Define storage capabilities and requirements for VM placement.
59. Storage Policy-Based Management: VM storage provisioning based on defined policies.
60. VM Encryption: Protects VM data by encrypting VM files at rest.
61. Instant Clone: Rapidly creates VM copies without the need for full clones.
62. vSphere Trust Authority: Enhances security by establishing a trusted relationship with hosts.
63. Secure Boot: Ensures only digitally signed software runs on ESXi hosts and VMs.
64. Per-VM EVC: Enables EVC at the VM level, allowing migration across different CPU generations.
65. Resource allocation settings: Configure shares, reservations, and limits for VM resources.
66. Transparent Page Sharing: Memory-saving technique by sharing identical memory pages.
67. Memory Ballooning: Reclaims unused memory from VMs to allocate to others.
68. CPU Ready: Metric indicating a VM's CPU time waiting to be scheduled.
69. Lockstep: Technique used by Fault Tolerance to keep primary and secondary VMs in sync.
70. Image Builder: Creates custom ESXi images by adding or removing VIBs from base images.
71. SCSI Reservation: Lock mechanism for coordinating access to shared storage resources.
72. LUN Masking: Restricts access to storage LUNs for specific hosts.
73. iSCSI: Internet Small Computer System Interface, IP-based protocol for storage area networks.
74. RDM: Raw Device Mapping, direct access to a physical storage device from a VM.
75. Thin Provisioning: Allocates storage space to VMs on-demand, conserving storage resources.
76. Thick Provisioning: Allocates entire storage space to VMs upfront, improving performance.
77. IOPS: Input/Output Operations Per Second, measures storage performance.
78. Latency: Time delay between a storage request and response, impacts performance.
79. NUMA: Non-Uniform Memory Access, optimizes memory access in multi-processor systems.
80. vNUMA: Virtual NUMA, exposes NUMA architecture to VMs for performance optimization.
81. DVS Health Check: Monitors vSphere Distributed Switch configuration for consistency.
82. LACP: Link Aggregation Control Protocol, combines multiple network links for redundancy.
83. Port Group: Logical grouping of network ports on a vSwitch or VDS.
84. PVLAN: Private VLAN, isolates VM network traffic within the same VLAN.
85. VXLAN: Virtual Extensible LAN, overlay network that extends Layer 2 across Layer 3.
86. SR-IOV: Single Root I/O Virtualization, enables direct access to physical network devices.
87. NSX: VMware's network virtualization and security platform.
88. vSphere Integrated Containers: Runs containerized applications natively on vSphere infrastructure.
89. Virtual Hardware Version: Represents the virtual hardware features available to a VM.
90. VMware Tools: Suite of utilities to enhance VM performance and management.
91. vSphere SDK: Software Development Kit for building custom applications for vSphere.
92. OVA: Open Virtual Appliance, a single file package of an OVF.
93. vRealize Operations: Performance monitoring and capacity management for vSphere environments.
94. vRealize Log Insight: Log analytics and troubleshooting tool for vSphere.
95. vRealize Automation: Automates provisioning and management of applications and infrastructure.
96. vCloud Director: Manages and provisions multi-tenant cloud resources.
97. vCloud Suite: Integrated set of VMware's cloud management tools.
98. vSphere ROBO: Remote Office Branch Office, simplifies management of remote sites.
99. vSphere Essentials Kit: All-in-one solution for small businesses, includes core vSphere features.
100.vSphere Standard/Enterprise/Enterprise Plus: Different editions of vSphere with varying features.
вторник, 21 февраля 2023 г.
Extract ESXi iDrac and BIOS versions and their IPs with PowerCLI
cls
$viserver = "vCenter"
$User = "USER"
$Pass = "PASSWORD"
Disconnect-VIServer * -Confirm:$false -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Null
$UnsortedVMHosts = (Get-VMHost).name
$VMHostNames = $UnsortedVMHosts | sort # | select -First 3
$Array = @()
Write-Host
foreach($ESXiName in $VMHostNames)
{
Connect-VIServer -Server $viserver -User $User -Password $Pass
$OneLineArray = New-Object "PSCustomObject"
$ESXiName
$VMHost = Get-VMHost $ESXiName
$VMView = $VMHost | Get-View
$BiosInfo = $VMView.Hardware.BiosInfo
$Vendor = $VMHost.ExtensionData.Hardware.SystemInfo.Vendor
$Model = $VMHost.ExtensionData.Hardware.SystemInfo.Model
$BiosVersion = $BiosInfo.BiosVersion
$ReleaseDate = $BiosInfo.ReleaseDate
$EsxIP = (Get-VMHostNetworkAdapter -VMHost $VMHost -VMKernel -Name vmk0).IP
$EsxiVer = $VMHost.ExtensionData.Config.Product.FullName
$vCenter = $VMHost.ExtensionData.Client.ServiceContent.About.FullName
Disconnect-VIServer * -Confirm:$false -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
Connect-VIServer -Server $ESXiName -User root -Password "PASSWORD" # | Out-Null
Connect-VIServer -Server $ESXiName -User Administrator -Password "PASSWORD" # | Out-Null
$esxcli = Get-EsxCli -VMHost $ESXiName -V2
$iDracIP = $esxcli.hardware.ipmi.bmc.get.Invoke().IPv4Address
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "ESXiName" -Value $ESXiName
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "Vendor" -Value $Vendor
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "Model" -Value $Model
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "BiosVersion" -Value $BiosVersion
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "ReleaseDate" -Value $ReleaseDate
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "EsxIP" -Value $EsxIP
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "iDracIP" -Value $iDracIP
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "EsxiVer" -Value $EsxiVer
$OneLineArray | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name "vCenter" -Value $vCenter
$Array += $OneLineArray
}
$Array | OGV -Title "ESXi Hosts"
$Array | Export-Csv "C:\Temp\ESXiHosts-report.csv" -NoTypeInformation -UseCulture
ii "C:\Temp\report.csv"
Import VMs from vCenter to vCloud vApp with PowerCLI
cls
# Import VMs from vCenter to vCloud vApp with PowerCLI
$SourceFolder = "SOURCE"
$DestVApp = "DEST_VAPP"
$VIserver = 'VCENTER.DOMAIN.COM"
$CIserver = 'VCLOUD.DOMAIN.COM"
$UVI = "VCENTER_USER"
$PVI = "VCENTER_PASSWORD"
$UCI = "VCLOUD_USER"
$PCI = "VCLOUD_PASSWORD"
Disconnect-VIServer * -Confirm:$false -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Null
Connect-VIServer -Server $VIserver -User $UVI -Password $PVI
Disconnect-CIServer * -Confirm:$false -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
Connect-CIServer -Server $CIserver -User $UCI -Password $PCI
$VMs = Get-Folder $SourceFolder | Get-VM | sort
$CIvappObj = Get-CIVApp $DestVApp
foreach ($VM in $VMs)
{
$VM.name
$CIvappObj | Import-CIVApp -VM $vm -NoCopy:$False -RunAsync -Confirm $false
}
среда, 1 февраля 2023 г.
wget-in-Windows
Sometimes we want to use Linux command in Windows.
One of them is wget - an easy way to download sites and pages from the Internet.
There is also cURL.
Do we have them in Windows?
Natively, no, but...
The 1st way - PowerShell has command Invoke-WebRequest.
# Using PowerShell for getting a Google page:
Invoke-WebRequest http://www.google.com/ -OutFile c:\google.html
# or
Invoke-WebRequest http://www.google.com/ | -OutFile c:\google.html
# Using wget as an alias for Invoke-WebRequest (not a real wget)
wget http://www.google.com/ -OutFile c:\google.html
wget http://www.google.com/ | -OutFile c:\google.html
# Showing the results
ii c:\google.html
The 2nd way - we can install wget as a regular program - as an exe file or with Chocolatey.
Chocolatey is an extremely powerful tool with a large range of features and options.
Here is a good site about Chocolatey:
https://howchoo.com/chocolatey/install-pc-programs-using-powershell-and-chocolatey
Let's see the installation with Chocolatey.
# First install Chocolatey with PowerShell (what you see is one long line in PowerShell):
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://community.chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))
This will tell your system to download Chocolatey from the web and install it.
You can upgrade Chocolatey itself by running this command:
choco upgrade chocolatey
Then you can install wget with Chocolatey from PowerShell or even from a regular CMD.
choco install wget
# Use wget to pull a website to your local machine
wget --mirror --convert-links --adjust-extension --page-requisites c:\google.html
Installing Chocolatey
Chocolatey is a program or method for installing packages/programs/application in Windows in the simple way.
For installing Chocolatey we need to use PowerShell command:
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://community.chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))
All this is one long line.
